The NEWTON project aims to support and enhance the delivery of online STEM subjects through a variety of technologies and pedagogical approaches. This deliverable presents a detailed literature review of self-directed pedagogical approaches considered by the NEWTON project, such as flipped classroom, online problem-based learning and computer supported collaborative learning. Self-directed learning is especially important in online environments and presents many benefits including preparing students for life-long learning and helping them develop 21^st century skills. This deliverable also reviews previous applications of Augmented Reality (AR) and gamification in educational contexts. Recommendations regarding the applicability of the investigated technologies and pedagogical approaches for STEM modules are also proposed. Moreover, the deliverable presents the proposed NEWTON AR technical specification, as well as the novel NEWTON-Enhanced Gamification Model (N-EGM).